How plants know when to flower…???

Determining the proper time to flower, important if a plant is to reproduce successfully, involves a sequence of molecular events, a plant's circadian clock and sunlight.

At specific times of year, flowering plants produce a protein known as FLOWERING LOCUS T in their leaves that induces flowering. Once this protein is made, it travels from the leaves to the shoot apex, a part of the plant where cells are undifferentiated, meaning they can either become leaves or flowers.

 At the shoot apex, this protein starts the molecular changes that send cells on the path to becoming flowers.

Changes in day length tell many organisms that the seasons are changing. It has long been known that plants use an internal time-keeping mechanism known as the circadian clock to measure changes in day length. 

Circadian clocks synchronize biological processes during 24-hour periods in people, animals, insects, plants and other organisms.

FKF1 protein is key player in the mechanism by which plants recognize seasonal change and know when to flower. FKF1 protein is a photoreceptor, meaning it is activated by sunlight.

Imaizumi says The FKF1 photoreceptor protein been working on is expressed in the late afternoon every day, and is very tightly regulated by the plant's circadian clock. 

When this protein is expressed during days that are short, this protein cannot be activated, as there is no daylight in the late afternoon. 

When this protein is expressed during a longer day, this photoreceptor makes use of the light and activates the flowering mechanisms involving FLOWERING LOCUS T. The circadian clock regulates the timing of the specific photoreceptor for flowering. That is how plants sense differences in day length.

This system keeps plants from flowering when it's a poor time to reproduce, such as the dead of winter when days are short and nights are long.

**credit to  scienceDaily

Sweet Facts About How Chocolate Is Made

1. Cocoa trees produce pods, which is the fruit chocolate comes from. 

Large harvests occur by hand twice annually throughout the year.

Cocoa pod. (Credit: © Bernard 63 / Fotolia)

2. Chocolate liquor is the thick paste generated when chocolate nibs,

 the roasted and de-shelled chocolate beans,

 are heated to a high temperature; 

it's then separated into cocoa butter and cocoa powder

.

3. The FDA has established standards to identify different kinds of chocolate.

4. Milk chocolate contains

- cream or other dairy products and sugar

- it must contain at least 10 %chocolate liquor

5. Dark, bittersweet or semisweet chocolate must contain

-at least 35 % chocolate liquor

6. White chocolate contains

-no chocolate liquor

- but instead consists of cocoa butter (20 %)

-sugar (no more than 55 %)

-dairy product

- flavorings

7. A machine known as an "electronic nose" evaluates the chocolate's aroma.

8. Several tests are conducted on chocolate liquor to make sure it's fit

 for human consumption and check for qualities such as:

- Moisture content

-fat content

-free fatty acid content

- Particle size

-viscosity

-color

-flavor.

9. Roasting the cocoa beans is an important step in chocolate processing as it eliminates pathogens (particularly salmonella).

10. There is not a one standard method of quality testing in the chocolate industry; companies around the world have their own ways of measuring chocolate quality and their own types of equipment.

 

**credit to science daily

Top 10 SEO Tips to Make Your Site Into Google Top 10

Tip 1 - Research For A Good Niche

Even if it is a micro niche it doesnt matter. You should develop yourself as an expert in the field. The people will appear for your site whenever you become authoritative over a niche.

Tip 2 - SEO Friendly Design:

Plan your website according to the SEO guidelines and make it Search Engine friendly. The website should be easy to crawl through the internet search engine robots. A sitemap addition will ease the things because it is approved by the major search engines like Google, Yahoo and MSN.

Tip 3 - Mini Research:

A mini research concerning the niche you decide on, information on competitors, info about the related niche is recommended. This will improve your knowledge about them.

Tip 4 - Keyword Research:

Conduct an effective keyword research. Dont choose most searched keyword. As it is involves a powerful competition, stay away from such competitive keywords. Always go for long-tail keywords as they have low competition and are more targeted. Market and keyword research is the most difficult part of the introduction of site. So you need to be through and effective. Obtain the assistance of Market and keyword research SEO Tools and ease your things.

Tip 5 - Completely unique content:

Do not copy the content using their company sites. Make use of your own language and obtain completely unique content. Allow it to be more refreshing and interesting towards the visitors. This will help you to get more traffic and therefore into Google Top 10.

Tip 6 -Submit Site To Directories:

Submit your website in the authority SEO friendly directories in order to gain building backlinks. Despite the fact that theres a controversy going on the submission to paid directories, Google like the paid directories like Yahoo Directory. Make sure that you browse the guidelines before submitting the website towards the directories especially DMOZ which increases your Google Top 10 ranking like anything.

Tip 7 - Writing and submitting articles:

Write articles regarding your subject and publish them towards the SEO friendly article directory sites like Ezine, GoArticles etc. Theyre really a great source to build your building backlinks. If your article is great informative, then most of the webmasters will use it and link back to your website.

Tip 8 - Add Refreshing Content:

Blogging is a very effective tool to include refreshing content towards the site. Search engines love the sites that are constantly updated with refreshing content. Therefore the visitors come back over and over because they expect more authoritative and un-biased information of your stuff.

Tip 9 - Promote Site Online & Offline:

Dont even think that offline promotion is a time waste process. But always have a mix of offline and online advertising techniques. All the promotion activities should look natural. Whether its Google or other search engine, they all like to be natural.

Tip 10 - Learn About Seo

As I said you earlier, you do need to implement all the SEO tips and techniques learnt. But make sure that you are always competent with SEO methods. This will help you to determine what is best and what is worst for the site. Always make sure that you ease SEO work by using the recommended SEO software. This will make sure that you complete the repetitive and automated things in less time and thereby spend time effectively.